Chapter eleven the microbial ecology of land and water contaminated with radioactive waste. Many of these, such as plant residues and livestock manure, are very beneficial if they are returned to the soil. Access to the funds nuclear utility ratepayers are providing for the purpose of nuclear waste management. Radioresistant species can be potentially utilized for bioremediation of radioactive environment contamination and for nuclear waste management e.
However, improper handling and disposal may cause pollution. Radioactive waste from different sectors such as nuclear energy, health care and food has become a discernible part of our environment. Pollutant nature, depth and degree of pollution, type of environment, location, cost, and environmental policies. Biosorption and biorecovery nonhlanhla ngwenya a thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of philosophiae doctor chemical technology in the faculty of engineering, built environment and information technology university of pretoria 2011. Environmental remediation and restoration of contaminated nuclear and norm sites pdf. Bioremediation of radioactive waste from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia these radioactive particles are byproducts generated as a result of activities related to nuclear energy and constitute a pollution and a radiotoxicity problem with serious health and ecological consequences due to its unstable nature of ionizing radiation emissions. Radioactive waste management of nuclear power plant. In this particular case, the geobacter strain works by releasing electrons into the nuclear substance and making it insoluble.
Engineering deinococcus geothermalis for bioremediation of. Bioremediation of metals and radionuclides subsurface. Bioremediation and biodegradation of pesticide from. Bioremediation is a biotechnical process, which abates or cleans up contamination. Contamination of soils, water, and sediments by radionuclides and toxic metals from uranium mill tailings, nuclear fuel manufacturing and nuclear weapons. There are several remedies where contaminated water or solid is purified by chemical treatment, incineration, and burial in a. Pdf bioremediation techniquesclassification based on.
Agricultural wastes include a wide range of organic materials, animal wastes, and timber byproducts. Bioremediation is the utilisation of naturally occurring organisms in the neutralisation and reduction of nuclear radiation. Today these waste products range from raw sewage to nuclear waste. Provides comprehensive information on the bioremediation technologies used for the removal of pollutants in industry discusses bioremediation practices used for agroindustrial wastes, nuclear waste, and ewaste in india as well as internationally. It is a type of waste management technique which involves the use of organisms to remove or utilize the pollutants from a polluted area. Francis department of applied science brookhaven national laboratory upton, new york 11973 usa abstract contamination of soils, water, and sediments by radionuclides and toxic metals from uranium mill tailings, nuclear fuel manufacturing and nuclear weapons production is a major concern.
Pdf microbial bioremediation processes for radioactive waste. R 2 adding 10 liters liquid waste for 100 liters at medium and air discharge as aeration q 1 2 literssecond. The 1986 chernobyl nuclear disaster, for example, was far too catastrophic to be positively affected by bioremediation efforts and is essentially beyond repair. Bioremediation process types of bioremediation examples. This radioactive waste was often highly acidic and mixed with heavy metals, and has been leaking into the environment since the 1950s. Biological treatment is a similar approach used to treat wastes. Therefore, deinococcus radiodurans shows promise in the bioremediation of mixed radioactive wastes.
Pdf the microbial ecology of land and water contaminated. A new, consentbased approach to siting future nuclear waste management facilities. Given the scale of the contamination associated with 60 years of global nuclear activity, and the inherent high financial and environmental costs. Scientists are designing or deploying microbes to purge sites of contaminants such as pcbs, oil, radioactive waste, gasoline and mercury, and. In situ bioremediation for the hanford carbon tetrachloride plume isb, which is the term used in this report for an in situ treatment process using indigenous microorganisms with a computer based accelerated bioremediation design tool abdt, remediates groundwater contaminated with volatile. In many cases, bioremediation is less expensive and more sustainable than other remediation alternatives. Nuclear wastes have been demonstrated to host bacteria containing genes for antimicrobial production bagwell et al.
Advantages and disadvantages of bioremediation world. Deinococcus radiodurans r1 is one of the most resistant bacteria to chronic ionizing radiation ever identified. Bioremediation is the deliberate application of microorganisms for reclamation, immobilization or detoxification of metallic and radionuclide pollutants. In the past disposal of these wastes meant digging a hole, dumping the waste material in, then filling it all in. Chemical and nuclear waste disposal problems and solutions. However, there are a number of problems which are encountered with bioremediation as well. Nuclear development 2010 radioactive waste in perspective 2010 n u c l e a r e n e r g y a g e n c y radioactive waste in perspective 66 2010 07 1 p 48.
In an effort to present an overview of the development of bacterial bioremediation, this report will briefly address. Given the high costs of physiochemical approaches, there has been an unprecedented interest in microbes and plants with radionuclides for decontamination of sediments and waters impacted by nuclear waste lloyd et al. Several dumping methods are in routine practice to dispose radioactive wastes. Amongst the pollutants that are of environmental and public health concerns due to their toxicities are. Each year, nuclear power generation facilities worldwide produce about 200000 m3 lowand intermediate level waste and about 0 m3 of highlevel waste.
In addition to the occasional disastrous accidents at nuclear facilities such as the chernobyl disaster of 1986 and the fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, the extensive use of radioactive materials at research and development, biomedical, and industrial sites has created a great accumulation of radioactive waste. The nuclear industry handles nuclear waste safely and in compliance with the stringent requirements of the u. Because of the danger and expense of cleanup of such radioactive sites by physicochemical processes, in situ bioremediation. More than 171,000 waste drums have been stored in salt caverns 2,100 feet 640 metres underground since wipp opened in 1999.
These characteristics make bioremediation techniques potentially ideal for detoxification of chemical pollutants. Bioremediation techniquesclassification based on site of. Department of energy doe mixed radioactive environmental waste sites left over from nuclear weapons production during the cold war 21, 25, 27, 28. Highly concentrated radionuclide waste produced during the cold war era is stored at us department of energy doe production sites. All steps in the nuclear fuel cycle generate radioactive waste. In order for microorganism to bioremediate the right temperature, nutrients and amount of oxygen must be present in the groundwater, the right combinations of helpful microbes can eat the pollutants until it disappears. A database for bioremediation of radioactive waste african. Bioremediation can prove less expensive than other technologies that are used for cleanup of hazardous waste vidali, 2001. Bioremediation of radioactive waste bioradbase, radionuclides, biotransformation, biocrystallization, radioisotope, nuclear waste.
Frontiers prospects for fungal bioremediation of acidic. The nuclear arms race generated thousands of disposal sites containing radioactive toxic wastes dumped into the ground. Bioremediation of uranium contaminated soils and wastes. Bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms and degrade the target pollutants. Until the late 1990s, nuclear waste leaks remediation technology involved pumping contaminated groundwater out of the ground, treating it and repumping in. Bioremediation of radioactive waste is an application of bioremediation based on the use of bacteria, plants and fungi natural or genetically modified. Analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility of the. Accidents at worlds only deep underground radioactive. Techniques for cleaning up a mess waste products resulting from human life have always been a serious problem.
Pdf microbial processes can affect the environmental behavior of priority radionuclides, and understanding these reactions is essential for the. If soil is contaminated with pollutants that cannot be safely removed, such as radioactive or nuclear waste, the soil is excavated, placed into secure containers, and hauled off to a secure storage facility. These sites contain immense volumes of waste 3 106 m3 that include radionuclides, heavy metals, and toxic organic compounds and have contaminated 40 million. A new organization dedicated solely to implementing the waste management program and empowered with the authority and resources to succeed. In situ and ex situ bioremediation of radionuclides contaminated soils at nuclear and norm sites francis, a. Many of these processes rely on successfully harnessing. The major function is speed up the recovery of waste polluted sites, increase substrate degradation, displays a high catalytic or utilization capacity with a small amount of cell mass, crate safe and purified environmental conditions by decontamination or neutralizing any harmful substances. Also, waste products are usually not generated, as bioremediation often results in complete degradation of the contaminants.
Remediation of polluted sites using microbial process bioremediation has proven effective and reliable due to its ecofriendly features. Deinococcus geothermalis is an extremely radiationresistant thermophilic bacterium closely related to the mesophile deinococcus radiodurans, which is being engineered for in situ bioremediation of radioactive wastes. Bioremediation via microorganisms can be an attractive alternative to excavating contaminated soil. A reallife example of bioremediation is adding nutrients to the soil to enhance bacterial degradation of contaminants and increase the rate of bioremediation on a brownfield site. Santos et al 2014 demonstrated the bioremediatory effects of aspergillus awamori and its ability to degrade the toxic components of cyanidecontaining wastewater.
The nrc divides waste from nuclear plants into two categories. Given the scale of the contamination associated with 60 years of global nuclear activity, and the inherent high financial and environmental costs associated with invasive physical and chemical cleanup strategies, there is an unparalleled interest in new passive in situ bioremediation processes for sites contaminated with nuclear waste. Industrial waste products may be in gas, liquid or. Accepted for publication in environmental remediation and restoration of contaminated nuclear and norm sites, l. The waste isolation pilot plant wipp in new mexico, usa, is a burial site for longlived intermediatelevel waste from the us nuclear weapons program. A better understanding of the molecular basis of the. Figure 1 summarizes the various biotechnological approaches for bioremediation of radionuclides. Apparently, taking into consideration site of application, bioremediation techniques can be categorized as.
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